Maqbool bhat biography definition

Bhat (also spelled as Bhatt or Butt) is a Brahmin surname used in the Indian subcontinent. Bhat and Bhatt are shortened renditions of Bhatta or Brahmabhatta.

Etymology

The word "Bhat" (Sanskrit: भट्ट, IAST: Bhaṭṭa) means "scholar" in Sanskrit. While the original shortened rendition of "Bhatta" was "Bhat" or "Bhatt," many of the Kashmiri Brahmin migrants to the Punjab region started spelling their surname as "Butt", which is the transliteration of the name when written using the Urdu/Persian alphabet (as opposed to Bhat when using the Devanagari alphabet).

Geographic distribution

Goa

The surname is in use among some Konkani Goud Saraswat Brahmins as well as KonkaniChristians (who trace their ancestry to the Gaud Saraswat Brahmins of Goa).

Kashmir

Bhat, also spelled as Bhatt, Batt or Butt, is a Kashmiri Pandit surname found among the Saraswat Brahmins indigenous to the Kashmir Valley, as well as the Kashmiri Brahmins who migrated to Punjab, a region now divided between India and the neighbouring Pakistan.

The Bhats who migrated to Punjab in the late 19th century and the early 20th century due to the 1878 drought, were Brahmin migrants from Kashmir, escaping discrimination by local rulers and seeking trade opportunities.

The surname is now shared by both Kashmiri Hindus and Kashmiri Muslims who mostly retained their Hindu last names.

Punjab

Some Bhats/Butts found in the Punjab region are descendants of those Kashmiri Brahmins who migrated to different cities of (undivided) Punjab from the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir during the 1878 famine in British India.

In Ludhiana, Kashmiris became known for their co

Kashmiri separatist organization

The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) is a formerly armed, politicalseparatist organisation active in both the Indian-administered and Pakistani-administered territories of Kashmir. It was founded by Amanullah Khan, with Maqbool Bhat also credited as a co-founder. Originally a militant wing of the Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front, the organization officially changed its name to the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front in Birmingham, England on 29 May 1977; from then until 1994 it was an active Kashmiri militant organization. The JKLF first established branches in several cities and towns of the United Kingdom and other countries in Europe, as well as in the United States and across the Middle East. In 1982, it established a branch in the Pakistani-administered territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and by 1987, it had established a branch in the Indian-administered Kashmir Valley.

After 1994, the JKLF wing in Indian-administered Kashmir, under the leadership of Kashmiri separatist Yasin Malik, declared an "indefinite ceasefire" and reportedly disbanded its militant wing. Following this, the organization committed itself to a political struggle in order to achieve its objective of independence for the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir from both India and Pakistan. However, the JKLF branch in Azad Jammu and Kashmir did not agree with this change of direction and subsequently split off from the JKLF wing in the Kashmir Valley. In 2005, the two groups merged again, retaining the organization's original identity.

Although the JKLF has only Muslim members, it is notionally secular. It continues to assert that a secular, independent Kashmir—free of both India and Pakistan—is its eventual goal. Despite having received support in the form of weapons and training from the Pakistani military, it re

Faheem, Farrukh. "Chapter 8. Interrogating the Ordinary: Everyday Politics and the Struggle for Azadi in Kashmir". Resisting Occupation in Kashmir, edited by Haley Duschinski, Mona Bhan, Ather Zia and Cynthia Mahmood, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018, pp. 230-247. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812294965-009

Faheem, F. (2018). Chapter 8. Interrogating the Ordinary: Everyday Politics and the Struggle for Azadi in Kashmir. In H. Duschinski, M. Bhan, A. Zia & C. Mahmood (Ed.), Resisting Occupation in Kashmir (pp. 230-247). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812294965-009

Faheem, F. 2018. Chapter 8. Interrogating the Ordinary: Everyday Politics and the Struggle for Azadi in Kashmir. In: Duschinski, H., Bhan, M., Zia, A. and Mahmood, C. ed. Resisting Occupation in Kashmir. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 230-247. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812294965-009

Faheem, Farrukh. "Chapter 8. Interrogating the Ordinary: Everyday Politics and the Struggle for Azadi in Kashmir" In Resisting Occupation in Kashmir edited by Haley Duschinski, Mona Bhan, Ather Zia and Cynthia Mahmood, 230-247. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812294965-009

Faheem F. Chapter 8. Interrogating the Ordinary: Everyday Politics and the Struggle for Azadi in Kashmir. In: Duschinski H, Bhan M, Zia A, Mahmood C (ed.) Resisting Occupation in Kashmir. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 2018. p.230-247. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812294965-009

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