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French general, diplomat and statesman (1719–1785)

Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul, KOHS, OGF (28 June 1719 – 8 May 1785) was a French Army officer, diplomat and statesman. From 1758 to 1761 and again from 1766 to 1770, he served as Foreign Minister of France and had a strong influence on France's global strategy throughout the period. Choiseul is closely associated with France's defeat in the Seven Years' War and subsequent efforts to rebuild French prestige.

Biography

Rise

The eldest son of François Joseph de Choiseul, marquis de Stainville (1700–1770), Étienne François was born in Nancy in the Duchy of Lorraine where his father was one of the leading advisors to the Duke of Lorraine who ruled an independent French-speaking state with close cultural and political links with France. At birth, he bore the title of comte de Stainville. In 1737, Francis Stephen of Lorraine (the future Holy Roman Emperor Francis I) was pressured into giving up Lorraine and becoming ruler of Tuscany in Italy. Realising that continued loyalty to the House of Lorraine would limit his opportunities, Étienne François transferred his allegiance to France.

After gaining experience during the Austro-Turkish War, the comte de Stainville entered the French army, and during the War of the Austrian Succession served in Bohemia (1741) and in Italy (1744), where he distinguished himself at the Battle of Coni. He was also present at the Battle of Dettingen in Germany and carried news of the French defeat there to Paris. He had been appalled by what he had witnessed of the French forces at Dettingen, particularly what he later described as their "indifference and ignorance", and his experiences motivated his later reforms of the French military.

From 1745 to 1748, he was with the army in the Low Countries and was present at

Anas Atakora

Sanda Badescu est professeur agrégé au Département de langues modernes de l’Université de l’Île-du-Prince-Édouard (Canada). Elle est auteure d’une monographie intitulée Madame de Sévigné et Michel de Montaigne: l’écriture intime à la lettre et à l’essai chez Edwin Mellen Press (2008) et a dirigé un ouvrage collectif From One Shore to Another: Reflections on the Symbolism of the Bridge chez Cambridge Scholars Publishing(2007).Elle s’intéresse aux rapports entre le corps et l’âme à travers les figures de la maladie et de la mélancolie dans le genre autobiographique et auto-fictionnel.

Rohini Bannerjee est professeure agrégée en études francophones dans le Département de langues modernes et de classiques, ainsi que affiliée avec le programme d’études féministes et « gender studies » et avec le programme d’études asiatiques à Saint Mary's University. Ses recherches incluent les littératures et les cultures francophones de l’Océan Indien, en particulier celles de l’Ile Maurice, les études interdisciplinaires, incluant un projet actuel sur la femme immigrante et la diaspora d’origine indienne-pakistanaise à Halifax, et les études pédagogiques sur l'avancement des connaissances en enseignement et en apprentissage.

Philippe Basabose a fait ses études de maîtrise et de doctorat à Western University en études françaises et des recherches postdoctorales à l’Université de Montréal en littérature ethnologique. Ses champs de recherches incluent les littératures de langue française (Afrique et Caraïbes principalement), la critique littéraire et les études de génocide. Il a publié Retour sur le colonialisme (Lettropolis, Paris, coll. Les Chemins de traverse, 2012, 693p.), un essai sur la littérature anti-coloniale et beaucoup d’articles ou chapitres de livres dans lesdits champs de recherche. Il enseigne la langue française, la littérature et la critique francophones ainsi que la critique littéraire à Memorial Universi

To the editor:

Sepsis mortality decreased over the last decades, although it remains dramatically high [1]. The implementation of guidelines such as the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) contributed to these progresses. SSC recommends to guide resuscitation on normalization of lactate levels [2]. Guiding resuscitation on lactate reduction is highly debated [3]. Anyway, normalization of lactate is associated with improved outcome [4]. We have recently shown that plasma levels of bio-adrenomedullin (bio-ADM), a peptide regulating vascular integrity and endothelial function, were associated with patient outcome during sepsis [5]. Interestingly, we observed that patients with elevated bio-ADM levels at admission and with low bio-ADM levels 2 days later had similar outcome to patients with persistently low bio-ADM levels. We therefore aimed to evaluate the added value of bio-ADM to lactate measurement in the AdrenOSS-1 cohort.

The AdrenOSS-1 study is a prospective observational study conducted in 24 centers within 5 European countries and included 583 septic patients from June 2015 to May 2016 [5]. The primary endpoint was 28-day mortality. We evaluated the relationship between the association of initial evolution of lactate plasma levels and bio-ADM level at 24 h and outcome in patients for whom both markers were available at admission and 1 day later (“24 h”). As described previously, bio-ADM levels below or above 70 pg/mL were considered respectively as low and high [5].

In patients with high lactate levels (> 2 mmol/L) at admission (n = 328) (Table 1), lactate normalization (< 2 mmol/L) at 24 h was associated with better outcome than in patients with persistently high lactate at 24 h (28-day mortality 15.9% vs 41.9% respectively, HR 3.3 [2.0–5.3], p < 0.001) (Fig. 1).

Table 1.