Biografia de antoine henri becquerel wikipedia

Abstract

Nuclear medicine history has its share of captivating personalities, controversial claims, and forgotten pioneers. Publications and documents that came out relatively recently, provide us with new perspectives on its history. Primary sourced material might contradict some of the long-held beliefs of the reader who only has a casual familiarity with the events, including basics such as who discovered radioactivity.

Because of the nature of the specialty, the importance of the contributions of colleagues in related fields, like physics and chemistry, cannot be overstated. Many of the important discoveries were marked by serendipity, but the pioneers must be given credit for having the necessary insights to interpret the new phenomena correctly, sometimes turning perceived “failure” into novel scientific principles. In addition, most of our pioneers had to deal with inadequate facilities and funding, religious and racial discrimination, and even misogynism.

The early history of nuclear medicine is presented in this article as a series of its most interesting anecdotes, from the early work on radioactivity, to the conception of the tracer principle, until the development of radioactive iodine therapy.

Key Words: Nuclear medicine, History, Radioactive iodine

Introduction

Historical articles often become controversial because some of the “facts” may become disputed over time. Occasionally, there are even deliberate attempts to change history in order to achieve academic or scientific renown. Such is the case with the history of nuclear medicine.

Over the past decade or so, a number of publications allowed us to settle a few of these controversies but also to realize that events we took for granted may not be as straightforward as they seem. New biographies of the nuclear pioneers were published quite recently. We weaved the earliest and most remarkable stories together in order to get new insights,

French physicist (1820–1891)

Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel (French:[ɛdmɔ̃bɛkʁɛl]; 24 March 1820 – 11 May 1891), known as Edmond Becquerel, was a French physicist who studied the solar spectrum, magnetism, electricity and optics. In 1839, he discovered the photovoltaic effect, the operating principle of the solar cell, which he invented in the same year. He is also known for his work in luminescence and phosphorescence. He was the son of Antoine César Becquerel and the father of Henri Becquerel, the discoverer of radioactivity.

Biography

Becquerel was born in Paris and was in turn the pupil, assistant and successor of his father at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. He was also appointed professor at the short-lived Agronomic Institute at Versailles in 1849, and in 1853 received the chair of physics at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. He was associated with his father in much of his work.

The first photovoltaic device

In 1839, at age 19, experimenting in his father's laboratory, Becquerel created the world's first photovoltaic cell. In this experiment, silver chloride or silver bromide was used to coat the platinum electrodes; once the electrodes were illuminated, voltage and current were generated. Because of this work, the photovoltaic effect has also been known as the "Becquerel effect".

Photographic discoveries

Becquerel was an early experimenter in photography. In 1840, he discovered that the silver halides, natively insensitive to red and yellow light, became sensitive to that part of the spectrum in proportion to their exposure to blue, violet and ultraviolet light, allowing daguerreotypes and other photographic materials to be developed by bathing in strong red or yellow light rather than by chemical treatment. In practice this technique was rarely used. In 1848 he produced color photographs of the solar spectrum, and also of camera images, by a te

Marie Salomea Skłodowska-Curie (* 7. Nofember1867 uun Warschau, Rüs Keiserrik; † 4. Jüüle1934 bi Passy, Frankrik, bäären Maria Salomea Skłodowska) wiar en füüsikerin an cheemikerin faan poolsk ufkemst, diar uun Frankrik lewet an wirket. Hat onersoocht at strualing faan uraanferbinjingen an preeget för detheer det wurd „radioaktiiw“. Uun a raam faan hör forskingen foon hat tup mä hör maan Pierre Curie dön cheemisk elementenPoloonium an Raadium ütj. 1903 wurd hat a Nobelpris för Füsiik (tup mä Antoine Henri Becquerel an Pierre Curie) an 1911 a Nobelpris för Chemii tuspreegen.

Maria Skłodowska wiar a skuulmäästern Bronisława Boguska an Władysław Skłodowski hör füft kint. Hat wuks uun en dial faan Poolen ap, wat do tu det Rüsk Keiserrik hiard. Hat studiaret uun det hiamelk flän uniwersiteet (Uniwersytet Latający) uun Warschau - det wiar hiamelk, auer at onerracht uun det Poolsk Spriik ferbeden wurd.

1892 ging hat tu Pariis, am sin wedenskapelk studiarin uun't Fakulteet för Natüürwedenskapen faan Pariis (faculté des sciences de Paris) widjer tu maagin. Hat studiaret Chemii an Füsiik uun't Uniwersiteet Sorbonne. Uun detheer uniwersiteet wurd hat det iarst doosentin. Uun't uniwersiteet liard hat en öler liarer, de fraansöösk füüsiker Pierre Curie, keenen. De 26. Jüüle 1895 freid hat ham.

Sin wichtigst werk wiar at forsking faan strualer an't ütfinjing faan dön raadioktiif elementen Polonium an Radium.

Marie an Pierre Curie hed tau foomnen:

De 20. April 1995 wurd dön sterewelk auerrester faan Marie an Pierre Curie mä'n stootslik iin uun't Panthéon uun Pariis auerfeerd.

Luke uk diar

French physicist (1852–1908)

Antoine Henri Becquerel (;French:[ɑ̃ʁibɛkʁɛl]; 15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist who shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Marie Curie and Pierre Curie for his discovery of radioactivity.

Biography

Family and education

Becquerel was born in Paris, France, into a wealthy family which produced four generations of notable physicists, including Becquerel's grandfather (Antoine César Becquerel), father (Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel), and son (Jean Becquerel). Henri started off his education by attending the Lycée Louis-le-Grand school, a prep school in Paris. He studied engineering at the École Polytechnique and the École des Ponts et Chaussées.

Career

In Becquerel's early career, he became the third in his family to occupy the physics chair at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in 1892. Later on in 1894, Becquerel became chief engineer in the Department of Bridges and Highways before he started with his early experiments. Becquerel's earliest works centered on the subject of his doctoral thesis: the plane polarization of light, with the phenomenon of phosphorescence and absorption of light by crystals. Early in his career, Becquerel also studied the Earth's magnetic fields. In 1895, he was appointed as a professor at the École Polytechnique.

Becquerel's discovery of spontaneous radioactivity is a famous example of serendipity, of how chance favors the prepared mind. Becquerel had long been interested in phosphorescence, the emission of light of one color following the object's exposure to light of another color. In early 1896, there was a wave of excitement following Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen's discovery of X-rays on 5 January. During the experiment, Röntgen "found that the Crookes tubes he had been using to study cathode rays emitted a new kind of invisible ray